South SFV Today

The study and treatment of the human brain have long been challenged by its complexity and the protective nature of the skull. Despite advancements in neuroscience, many aspects remain enigmatic. Historically, researchers like Wilder Penfield used invasive methods to map brain functions and treat neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Techniques like deep brain stimulation (DBS) continue this tradition but require surgical intervention.

At Stanford's Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, researchers are exploring non-invasive methods to study and treat the brain. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is one such method already showing promise in treating conditions like depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and migraines. Professor Nolan Williams has developed an enhanced TMS protocol called Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT), achieving significant remission rates in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Corey Keller, an assistant professor at Stanford Medicine, is investigating how TMS affects neural activity using electroencephalogram (EEG) technology. By analyzing EEG signals during TMS treatments, Keller aims to understand why some patients respond differently to specific pulse patterns.

Similarly, Fiona Baumer studies children with epilepsy using EEG to understand cognitive issues associated with excessive electrical activity in the brain. Her research indicates that reducing spike waves through TMS may decrease hyperconnectivity linked to cognitive problems.

Milena Kaestner directs the Koret Human Neurosciences Community Laboratory at Wu Tsai Neuro, providing access to TMS and EEG instruments for researchers across Stanford. She emphasizes fostering collaboration and innovation within the scientific community.

Another technique under investigation is focused ultrasound (FUS), which uses sound waves to target specific brain areas without electrodes. Researchers like Kim Butts Pauly are exploring its potential for treating conditions such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease by altering neural activity.

Raag Airan combines FUS with nanotechnology to deliver drugs precisely within the brain, minimizing side effects common with systemic medication delivery. His team is developing "caged" pharmaceuticals activated by ultrasound beams for targeted drug release.

In materials science, Guosong Hong works on non-invasive ways to manipulate neurons using light and other energy sources. His lab explores techniques like infrared-sensitive ion channels for potential applications in human medicine.

These innovative approaches aim to make studying and treating complex brain conditions safer and more accessible while maintaining the integrity of the skull. The collaborative environment fostered by Wu Tsai Neuro plays a crucial role in advancing these research efforts.